modern slavery in iran

2021. Tehran: Negah. ISBN 9780521246934. Modern slavery is often known as human trafficking. (In Farsi, Sherley, Anthony, Robert Sherley, and Thomas Sherley. The report shows that modern slavery has many brutal forms and that it is an issue that remains mostly hidden from public view. One of the most tragic aspects of such gender discrimination and exploitation in Iran is the sprawling business of trafficking of young women and girls for modern slavery. The Global Slavery Index reports that the Asia-Pacific region had the highest number of victims across all forms of modern slavery, accounting for 73 per cent of victims of forced sexual exploitation, 68 per cent of those forced to work by state authorities, 64 per cent of those in forced labour exploitation, and 42 per cent of all those in forced marriages. [62], Original text of Iranian Slavery Abolition Act of 1929 is as follows:[63]. Why is the situation of garbage sorter children growing worse? Asia Why Southeast Asia struggles to tackle modern-day slavery. Why is the situation of garbage sorter children growing worse? Thus, a history of Iranian slavery is crucial to understanding the character of the modern nation. Please include the link of the original article on our website, women.ncr-iran.org. Modern day slavery is most common in Africa and Asia Pacific. 2001. [60], What ultimately led to the abolition of the slave trade and the emancipation of slaves in Iran were internal pressures for reform. In one of the most notorious cases of human slavery that the ITF has encountered in years, three Pakistani seafarers onboard the Iranian-flagged MV Borhan 3 spent 22 months without ever being paid a single dollar. The practice of pledging one’s person for debt, not to mention self-sale, had totally disappeared by the Persian period. Children were sometimes sold into slavery by their poor families, often in Armenia, Southern Iran and Kurdistan. [61] On February 7, 1929 the Iranian National Parliament ratified an anti-slavery bill that outlawed the slave trade or any other claim of ownership over human beings. But, with trafficking at the root of much modern slavery it is clearly a worldwide phenomenon, not limited to the west or to any particular country. Debt slavery was no longer common. This, in combination with Iran’s unstable economy and cutbacks on welfare, may mean that Iran will continue to struggle to end child labor for some time. 634–640. But, with trafficking at the root of much modern slavery it is clearly a worldwide phenomenon, not limited to the west or to any particular country. [45], As in previous times, slaves were used as eunuchs, domestic servants and concubines in the harems; as military men, administrative staff, or field laborers; it was considered a matter of status to have slaves in the household. In these countries of the empire, slavery had already undergone important changes by the time of the emergence of the Persian state. January 2, 2018 Our December 18th blog detailed the five countries where modern-day slavery is most prevalent. A UK report on modern slavery identifies its various manifestations – sexual exploitation, labour exploitation and domestic servitude – concluding that increased awareness results in an increase in detection and reporting. ... Iran on June 2, 2014. [18], The slaves were used in Iran itself, particular in the households of the Muslim governors, but Iran was also a great transfer area of the slavet rade to the Abbasid Caliphate. "Men and Family Planning in Iran" (PDF). This was publicly acknowledged in 2008 by Hassan Abbassi, one of the clerical regime’s main theoreticians. North Korea is perhaps the closest, but reliable numbers are hard to find; some estimates suggest 600 to … To obtain permission to copy, redistribute or publish the material published on this website, you should write to the NCRI Women’s Committee. In one of the most notorious cases of human slavery that the ITF has encountered in years, three Pakistani seafarers onboard the Iranian-flagged MV Borhan 3 spent 22 months without ever being paid a single dollar. In Ehsan Yar-Shater; William Bayne Fisher; Ilya Gershevitch (eds.). Together, these 10 countries – China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, North Korea, Pakistan, the Philippines and Russia – comprise 60% of all the people living in modern slavery, as well as more than half the world’s population, according to the Global Slavery Index. The bill also empowered the government to take immediate action for the emancipation of all slaves. After the Islamic conquest of Iran, slavery and slave trade came to be similar to those conducted in other Muslim regions, and were directed toward non-Muslims. This analysis of slavery in modern Iran considers the full social, political, and economic spectrum. Uniquely in comparison to Western slave systems, Sasanian slavery recognized partial manumission (relevant in the case of a jointly owned slave, only some of whose owners were willing to manumit). Thus, together, the top 10 most populous countries that represent more than half of the world’s populations: China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, North Korea, Pakistan, the Philippines and Russia, comprise 60% of all the people living in modern slavery. This amounts to 17 per cent of the total number of people in modern slavery living where there is limited if any, government action. The Travelogue of the Sherley Brothers. [14], The slave trade of the Samanid Empire in Central Asia was a major provider of slaves to Iran and the Middle East through northeastern Iran. Slaves were often given to the Zoroastrian, Excessive cruelty towards slaves could result in the owners' being brought to court; a court case involving a slave whose owner tried to drown him in the. Iran, victimizing women and girl children more than any other sector of Iranian society. According to the Global Slavery Index, the top five countries – by the numbers – … The main reason is that the corrupt officials and institutions of the Iranian regime have turned them into a profitable business opportunity. [5], Under the Achaemenids, Persian nobles in Babylonia and other conquered states became large slave owners. In the case of nonpayment of a debt by the appointed deadline, the creditor could turn the children of the debtor into slaves. A brief study of human trafficking in Iran and the role of regime officials in facilitating it, A Special Report by the Women’s Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran. [54] During the Qajar dynasty, slave soldiers, ghilman, were used for the royal guard, and they were mainly white slaves from Caucasus. In Pakistan, debt bondage is the most prevalent form of slavery which is mainly found in the brick making, agriculture, and carpet weaving industries, according to Global Slavery Index. Indication – Having been informed about or referring of someone who has been subjected to trading or treatment as a slave, every official is obligated to provide him with means of liberation, immediately, and to inform the district court for guilt’s prosecution. Slaves are attested in the cuneiform record of the ancient Elamites, a non-Persian people who inhabited modern southwestern Iran, including the ancient cities of Anshan and Susa, and who were eventually incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire. [52] Young slave boys below puperty (ḡolām-bačča) served as servants and playmates in the harem. One of the most tragic aspects of such gender discrimination and exploitation in Iran is the sprawling business of trafficking of young women and girls for modern slavery. It also serves as a counterpoint to studies of slavery in the Indian Ocean and the Ottoman Empire. There are 40.3 million people estimated to be in modern slavery. Prisoners of war (asÄ«r) could be ransomed but were otherwise enslaved, and rebellions and upheavals such as the Afghan occupation (1722-1730) resulted in the enslavement of thousands; in these cases, the usual custom of only enslaving people of a different religion were overlooked. In the Islamic period up to the Mongol invasion. 24, no. Slave-owners had the right to the slaves' income. Slaves are attested[1] in the cuneiform record of the ancient Elamites, a non-Persian people who inhabited modern southwestern Iran, including the ancient cities of Anshan and Susa, and who were eventually incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire. [28], Male slaves were referred to as ḡolām (in Arabic lit. [42] Muslim Iranian slaves were mainly sold to Arabia and Afghanistan, and it was said; “most of the slave girls employed as domestics in the houses of the gentry at Kandahar were brought from the outlying districts of Ghayn.”[43], African slaves were provided from East Africa via the Indian Ocean trade, but also increasingly through the Persian Gulf by Arab and Persian traders, or by land by pilgrims returning from Mecca, which caused Iranian to call the slaves haji. Information on privately owned slaves is scarce, but there are surviving cuniform documents from Babylonia and the Persepolis Administrative Archives which record slave sales and contracts. Trafficking of young women and girls from Iran for modern slavery, particularly to Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, is a common practice. Modern slavery is often known as human trafficking. The Global Estimates of Modern Slavery report, released in 2017, finds that some 40.3 million people were subjected to contemporary forms of slavery — 71 per cent of … North Korea has the highest incidence of modern slavery (4.37% of population) and weakest government response. Modern slavery, human trafficking and trafficking in persons are umbrella terms used to refer to instances of exploitation where a person cannot leave or refuse to work due to threats, violence, coercion, deception, and/or abuses of power. The monarchs of the Safavid dynasty preferred to procreate through slave concubines, which would neutralize potential ambitions from relatives and other inlaws and protect patrimony. [17] A UK report on modern slavery identifies its various manifestations – sexual exploitation, labour exploitation and domestic servitude – concluding that increased awareness results in an increase in detection and reporting. In Iran’s modern history, Africans were integral to elite households. Although governments have taken steps and raised awareness about modern slavery, it is difficult to detect and recognize in many cases. [34] The slave concubines (and later mothers) of the Shah's mainly consisted of enslaved Caucasian, Georgian and Armenian women, captured as war booty, bought at the slave market or received as gifts from local potentates. The Babylonians were required to supply an annual tribute of 500 boys. The copyright of all the material published on this website has been registered under © 2016 the Women’s Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran. From the Mongols to the abolition of slavery. Slavery was an existing institution in Egypt, Media and Babylonia before the rise of the Achaemenid empire. According to the 2018 Global Slavery Index, approximately 6.9 million people were in some form of modern slavery in these countries. This analysis of slavery in modern Iran considers the full social, political, and economic spectrum. In fact, the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights widened the definition of “slave” to include any individual who is not able to refuse work of their own volition. [13] Persian Zoroastrian slaves became common in the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate, and many of the mothers, concubines, and slave qiyan musicians are identified as originally Persian. African slaves were imported by the East African slave trade across the Indian Ocean, and white slaves were mainly provided from the Caucasus area or the Caspian Sea through warfare and slave trade. Misogyny and rampant corruption are inextricably intertwined with the existence of the regime ruling Iran, victimizing women and girl children more than any other sector of Iranian society. One of the most alarming findings of the 2016 Global Estimates of Modern Slavery was the extent to which this crime affect-ed children. The research must provide estimations of the number of people in modern slavery. Tehran: Nashre No. They recruited a substantial number of their domestic slaves from these vanquished peoples. a youth) or zar-ḵarÄ«d (lit. However, the creditor could not sell a debtor into slavery to a third party. Modern Day Slavery in Iran – Illegal Labor Camps Posted on July 26, 2012 We have addressed the hijacking the current regime in Iran makes of the War on Drugs agenda to justify severe human rights violations in the past, and participated in a global campaign to draw attention to it. According to the UK government's 2019 Annual Report on Modern Slavery, there are at least 13,000 potential victims of slavery in the UK, although as that number dates back to … It also serves as a counterpoint to studies of slavery in the Indian Ocean and the Ottoman Empire. Although governments have taken steps and raised awareness about modern slavery, it is difficult to detect and recognize in many cases. The History of slavery in Iran (Persia) during various ancient, medieval, and modern periods is sparsely catalogued. The most common word used to designate a slave in the Achaemenid was bandaka-, which was also used to express general dependence. Tehran: Habibi. [16], A third slave route through northwestern Iran provided Turkish slaves, people from Caucasus as well as saqaliba (Europeans) by the Volga trade route, and Christian Greeks, Armenians, and Georgians from the Caucasus through the Muslim raids in the Caucasus region. Owners could also voluntarily manumit their slaves, in which case the former slave became a subject of the Sasanian King of Kings and could not lawfully be re-enslaved later. This page was last edited on 20 May 2021, at 19:50. This generates an estimated $150 billion in illegal profits every year, making forced labor the second largest international crime. In Iran for 25 years, the ruling mullahs have enforced humiliating and sadistic rules and punishments on women and girls, enslaving them in a gender apartheid system of segregation, forced veiling, second-class status, lashing and stoning to death. (In Farsi), Solṭān-Aḥmad Mirzā ʿĀżod-al-Dawla, Tāriḵ-e Ê¿ażodi, ed. Amir H. Mehryar, F. Mostafavi, & Homa Agha (2001-07-05). Trade between modern-day Iran and African countries goes back several hundred years. Modern slavery occurs in Iran, where around every 16.2 people for every 1,000 are affected. Copyright©2018 The Women’s Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI). The 1828 war with Russia put an end to the import of white slaves from the Russian Empire borderlands as it undermined the trade in Circassians and Georgians , which both Iran and neighboring Turkey had been practicing for quite some time. [35] The slave concubines were sometimes forced to convert to shia islam upon entering the harem, and referred to as kaniz. Below is an overview of countries by the largest populations of people said to be in a situation of slavery. Manumissions were recorded, which suggests that a freedman who was challenged would be able to document their free status. [25] Slave raids were conducted through which people were enslaved, and these were often directed toward Christians in the Caucasus region. The use of slaves for military service, ghilman, initially disapeared during the Mongol period, but it was revived and became important again during the reign of Ghazan (r. Ê¿Abd-al-Ḥosayn Navāʾi, Tehran, 1376 Å ./1997.p 336, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom, "Elamites and Other Peoples from Iran and the Persian Gulf Region in Early Mesopotamian Sources", http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arsacids-ii, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/class-system-iii, https://iranicaonline.org/articles/barda-iii, https://iranicaonline.org/articles/barda-iv, https://iranicaonline.org/articles/fath-ali-shah-qajar-2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Iran&oldid=1024213726, Articles to be expanded from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Sources of slaves were both foreign (e.g., non-. When you start to make the comparison it shows that both the transatlantic slave trade and modern slavery today have the same purpose which is to maximise huge profits. 10. The Cambridge History of Iran. [3] He has also mentioned slavery after the rebellion of Egypt in the city of Barce[4] during the time of Cambyses and the assassination of Persian Satrap in Egypt. [36] [37] 2, 1992, pp. [59] It is noted that poor parents still sold their children in to slavery, and that slave raids by cheftains were still conducted in the early 20th-century. [23], Slavery was a common institution in Safavid Iran, with slaves employed on many leves of society. bought by gold) or if they were black as kākā sīāh, while female slaves were referred to as kanÄ«z(ak). A. Perikhanian (1983). [48] The British consul reported that “in Beluchistan there are several hamlets inhabited by slaves, who till the Government’s property around BampÅ«r”, and in SÄ«stān “the cultivators of the soil are, for the most part, Slaves both black and white.”[49], The domestic slave pattern was similar in regard to the royal Qajar harem. Prison labor, or penal labor, is work that is performed by incarcerated and detained people.Not all prison labor is forced labor, but the setting involves unique modern slavery risks because of its inherent power imbalance and because those incarcerated have few avenues to challenge abuses behind bars. Eunuchs had offices in the general court, such as in the royal treasury and as the tutors and adoptive fathers of non-castrated slaves selected to be slave soliders (ghilman), as well as inside the harem, and served as a channel between the secluded harem women and the outside court and world.[38]. In Iran’s modern history, Africans were integral to elite households. Officials from three countries are investigating allegations of slavery in Indonesia's fishing industry. At the beginning of the 19th century both white and black, as well as indigenous, slaves were traded in Iran. Modern slavery exists in all 167 countries covered by the Global Slavery Index. [39], Inside Iran, non-Muslims, often Jewish women, were kidnapped from their homes, and Muslim tribespeople were kidnapped or taken as war prisoners during tribal warfare, often by Turkoman slave traders. No country is more stricken by COVID-19 than Iran. 1295-1304). Usually, captives were prisoners of war that were recruited from those that rebelled against Achaemenid rule. Taheri, Abolghasem. [30] Both male and female slaves were employed by their masters as entertainers, dancing, playing music, serving [31] and by giving sexual services by prostitution at private parties. Since bonded labour is more prevalent in the agriculture sector (employing 43pc … The more prevalent means of becoming a victim is through sale or forced marriage. This was publicly acknowledged in 2008 by Hassan Abbassi, one of the clerical regime’s main theoreticians. CNN reported on February 5, 2020 that right now, 40 million people are trapped in modern slavery. Please enter your username or email address to reset your password. You can make a difference In Part II of our series, we look at the countries with the greatest number of individuals living in modern-day slavery. At the same time and under various pressures, the British Empire decided to curb the slave trade through the Indian Ocean. Slavery in Pre-Achaemenid Iran. Modern Day Slavery in Iran – Illegal Labor Camps Posted on July 26, 2012 by Iran 24/07 We have addressed the hijacking the current regime in Iran makes of the War on Drugs agenda to justify severe human rights violations in the past, and participated in a global campaign to draw attention to it. The main reason is that the corrupt officials and institutions of the Iranian regime have turned them into a profitable business opportunity. The children work 10-20 hours a day, a situation that can only be described as ‘modern slavery.’” Confessions by government sources. ... Kuwait, UAE, Turkey, Iran, and possibly Yemen, for forced prostitution and sexual exploitation within households in these countries. [47] Slaves owned by the Turkmen tribes were used to herd their flocks and till their land, and in southeast Iran slaves were almost exclusively held for agricultural labor. The GSI includes data on the number of people living in conditions of modern slavery, the analysis on government response and forms of slavery, such as forced labor, forced marriage, debt bondage, and sexual exploitation. Usually the debtor paid off the loan by free work for the creditor, thereby retaining his freedom. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/164299. Anti-Slavery Day, held annually on October 18, aims to raise awareness of human trafficking and modern slavery. BARDA and BARDA-DĀRI iv. Greek writers of the time expressed that all Persian people were slaves to their king. This is a prevalence of 3.3 victims per 1,000 persons. Students have organized events for the day to highlight the issue of modern slavery and celebrate freedom. Thus, a history of Iranian slavery is crucial to understanding the character of the modern nation. In his writing, Darius I uses this word to refer to his satraps and generals. The children work 10-20 hours a day, a situation that can only be described as ‘modern slavery.’” Confessions by government sources. “The Long Fall of the Safavid Dynasty: Moving beyond the Standard Views.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. He also mentions the defeat of Ionians, and their allies Eretria who supported the Ionians and subsequent enslavement of the rebels and supporting population.

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